What Is Semantic Bleaching

In semantics and historical linguistics, semantic bleaching is the loss or reduction of meaning in a word as a result of semantic change. Also known as semantic loss, semantic reduction, desemanticisation,  and weakening. Linguist  Dan Jurafsky notes that semantic bleaching is pervasive with . . . emotional or affective words, even applying to verbs like love ( The Language of Food, 2015). Examples and Observations Related to broadening is bleaching, where the semantic content of a word becomes reduced as the grammatical content increases, for instance in the development of intensifiers such as awfully, terribly, horribly (e.g. awfully late, awfully big, awfully small) or pretty (pretty good, pretty bad . . .). (Philip Durkin, The Oxford Guide to Etymology. Oxford University Press, 2009) The Semantic Bleaching of Emotional Words Words like horrible or terrible used to mean inducing awe or full of wonder. But humans naturally exaggerate, and so over time, people used these words in cases where there wasnt actually terror or true wonder. The result is what we call semantic bleaching: the awe has been bleached out of the meaning of awesome. Semantic bleaching is pervasive with these emotional or affective words, even applying to verbs like   love. Linguist and lexicographer Erin McKean notes that it was only recently, in the late 1800s, that young women began to generalize the word love to talk about their relationship to inanimate objects like food. (Dan Jurafsky, The Language of Food: A Linguist Reads the Menu. W.W. Norton, 2015) Origin of the Concept of Semantic Bleaching The process by which the literal meaning of a word or phrase evanesces is called semantic bleaching and was first elucidated in an influential book by the German linguist Georg von der Gabelentz in 1891. Invoking the metaphor of the civil servant [who] is hired, promoted, has his hours cut back, and finally gets pensioned off completely, Gabelentz says that when new words get created from old, fresher new colors cover the bleached old ones. . . . In all of this, there are two possibilities: either the old word is made to vanish without a trace by the new, or it carries on but in a more or less vestigial existence--retires from public life. (Alexander Humez, Nicholas Humez, and Rob Flynn, Short Cuts: A Guide to Oaths, Ring Tones, Ransom Notes, Famous Last Words, Other Forms of Minimalist Communication. Oxford University Press, 2010) Bleached Got We regard have got [to] as idiomatic, because the element got is fixed, and because it derives its meaning from the combination as a whole (often shortened as gotta). In this connection note that the meaning of got is bleached (i.e. has lost its original meaning), and does not carry the meaning possess. (Bas Aarts, Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011) Examples of Semantic Bleaching: Thing and Shit Thing used to refer to an assembly or council, but in time came to refer to anything. In modern English slang, the same development has been affecting the word shit, whose basic meaning feces has broadened to become synonymous with thing or stuff in some contexts (Dont touch my shit; Ive got a lot of shit to take care of this weekend). If a words meaning becomes so vague that one is hard-pressed to ascribe any specific meaning to it anymore, it is said to have undergone bleaching. Thing and shit above are both good examples. When a words meaning is broadened so that it loses its status as a full-content lexeme and becomes either a function word or an affix, it is said to undergo grammaticalization. (Benjamin W. Forston IV, An Approach to Semantic Change. The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, ed. by Brian D. Joseph and Richard D. Janda. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003) Semantic Change, Not Semantic Loss A common concept in grammaticalization theory is described by a number of terms including bleaching, desemanticisation, semantic loss, and weakening . . .. The general claim behind such terms is that in certain semantic changes something is lost. However, in typical cases of grammaticalization, there is often a redistribution or shift, not a loss, of meaning (Hopper and Traugott, 1993:84; emphasis added . . .). To determine whether a semantic change has involved loss, one must measure the differences between positive specifications of the putative before and after meanings, thus making the claim of semantic loss a falsifiable one. The necessary explicit formulations of meanings involved are seldom forthcoming in existing literature. (N. J. Enfield, Linguistics Epidemiology: Semantics and Grammar of Language Contact in Mainland Southeast Asia. RoutledgeCurzon, 2003)

Corporate Level Strategy - 1199 Words

APPLE COMPUTER INC.: - CORPORATE-LEVEL STRATEGY REVIEW - A review on the strategy adopted by Apple Inc. at corporate level to ensure that the company remains at the forefront of the electronic media industry either in terms of innovation and range of products . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY An analysis was done on Corporate-Level Strategies adopted by Apple Computer Inc. (â€Å"Apple Computer†) that has brought tremendous success to the firm since it started. Apple Computer started off in 1976 by Steve Jobs and Stephen Wozniak producing the original Apple computer to hobbyist. This single product line later diversified to multi products to what Apple is known today i.e. iPhone, iPod, iPad, iTunes, iMac, iBook and Mac Computer. This report analyzes†¦show more content†¦THE CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIVERSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE Thus a corporation/firm like Apple Computer in this case, needs to find and decides the optimum situation where it wants to operate by balancing between its related business and related business to achieve the optimum performance. And based on its performance since 2001, perhaps Apple has almost found the balance between the two. VALUE CREATING DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY Operational Related Sharing Activities Between Businesses Corporate Relatedness Transferring Core Competencies into Business High Low Low High Value creating diversification strategy is a set of specificShow MoreRelatedCorporate Level Strategies3226 Words   |  13 PagesCorporate Level Strategies Kinds of Grand Strategies: * Stability Strategies * Growth Strategies * Retrenchment Strategies * Combination Strategies Stability Strategies The basic approach is ‘maintain present course: steady as it goes.’ In an effective stability strategy, companies will concentrate their resources where the company presently has or can rapidly develop a meaningful competitive advantage in the narrowest possible product-market scope consistent with the firm’s resourcesRead MoreCorporate Level Strategies3217 Words   |  13 PagesCorporate Level Strategies Kinds of Grand Strategies: * Stability Strategies * Growth Strategies * Retrenchment Strategies * Combination Strategies Stability Strategies The basic approach is ‘maintain present course: steady as it goes.’ In an effective stability strategy, companies will concentrate their resources where the company presently has or can rapidly develop a meaningful competitive advantage in the narrowest possible product-market scope consistent with the firm’sRead MoreBusiness Level And Corporate Level Strategies 1974 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies   Business-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies   Analyze the business-level strategies for the corporation you chose to determine the business-level strategy you think is most important to the long-term success of the firm and whether or not you judge this to be a good choice. 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It is my opinion from everything that I have read that Burger King uses more of the integrated cost leadership/Differentiation business strategy. I say this because the textbook states that companies that use this type of strategy usually have a goal in mind to sellRead MoreBusiness Level and Corporate Level Strategies3075 Words   |  13 PagesRunning Head: Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies Geri E. Shaffer Professor: Luke White Business Admin Capstone (BUS 499) Strayer University, Charleston Campus 7 September 2014 1 Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies 2 Business Level and Corporate Level Strategies Analyze the business-level strategies for the corporation you chose to determine the businesslevel strategy you think is most important to the long-termRead MoreThe International Corporate Level Strategy1078 Words   |  5 Pagesworldwide operations. The International corporate level strategy consists of three types of strategies which are the multi-domestic, transnational and global strategy. In 1999, PG’s corporate level strategy strays from a multi-domestic strategy and becomes a transnational strategy when implementing the O2005 restructuring program. Demand conditions heavily impact PG’s International strategy. PG slowly moved their corporate level strategy to a multi-domestic strategy when PG had their country based organizationsRead MoreBusiness and Corporate Level Strategies1881 Words   |  8 PagesSTRATEGY BUSINESS AND CORPORATE LEVEL STRATEGIES Strategy is a tool to prepare and implement plans in time to come. The business level strategy guides an organization, UBA in this case, to analyze its competitive environment and understand its clients, suppliers and competitors. The corporate level strategy helps decide which business areas to operate in and which markets to enter remain or quit. It tells about the level of diversification that suits business. In educational sector, an organizationRead MoreBusiness-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Essay2181 Words   |  9 PagesBusiness-Level and Corporate-Level Strategies Tammie Bennett Professor Melissa Ekberg BUS499 Business Administration Capstone May 15, 2013 In this paper I will discuss Macy’s Incorporated by analyzing their business level strategies to determine which I think is the most important to their long term success and if I think it is a good choice. I will analyze their corporate level strategies to determine which I think is the most important and whether or not I believe it is a good choice.Read MoreCase Study : Corporate Level Strategy1234 Words   |  5 Pages99836 Chapter 9 1) Corporate level strategy is afraid with the strategic decisions a business makes that affect the entire organization. Financial performance, unions and achievements, human resource management and the distribution of resources are considered part of corporate level strategy. Usually senior manager makes strategy decision at corporate level. Units are identified as cost centers, profit centers or investment centers. Essentially, this suggests that corporate objectives can be broken

Concept Developed Within Classical Sociology Free Essays

Choose any one concept or argument developed within classical sociology. Critically evaluate the use of this concept or argument by contemporary sociology in trying to understand a current social issue. In my essay I am going to discuss the current economic upheaval, its impact on modern society and how Marx and his theory of alienation are still relevant today. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept Developed Within Classical Sociology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The topics covered will include classical Marxist sociological thought and modern concepts with regard to the current economic situation, for example, Industrial Action, job insecurity and the erosion of the welfare state. I will argue that people in society today, whether they are private or public sector workers or those claiming welfare are still exploited and alienated by capitalism just as they were in Marx’s day. Marx saw alienation as a process in which humanity is turned into a stranger in a world created by labour (Classical Social Theory, Craib 1997) by this he meant that the worker became a commodity and part of a production line, losing themselves and their identities to the means of production. The shift away from the freedom of human interaction through to the way in which society and social relations impose themselves upon is summed up (at least as far as capitalism is concerned) in the theory of alienation. ’ (Classical Social Theory, Craib 1997). Marx was convinced that the division of labour was the reason that man was alienated from his labour. He saw the proletariat exploited for his labour by the bourgeoisie who owned the means of production. Marx defined labour as â€Å"mans self confirming essence† and noted that capitalism had transformed human labour into an object, an external thing. Classical Social Theory, Craib 1997). It is important to understand Marx’s theory of alienation as I will be discussing its relevance in today’s society and the impact of this theory when applied to modern society. Employers only employ workers if they possess skills that are of a use value to them. In essence there is no point in employing someone who produces work of a value that is less than what they are to be paid. This is the exchange value of the workers labour power. The difference between the endeavours of the worker and the pay supplied by the employer is the surplus value, which is the profit that the empl oyer retains. This is Marx’s definition of exploitation that exists within the wage-labour relationship. In simple terms the worker is working for a wage to sustain them but also to ensure the employer gains a profit. The contrast between the two will always favour the employer not the worker. It is not that the employer overtly seeks to exploit the worker; it is in Marx’s eyes a natural consequence of capitalism. The employer pays the worker not out of the goodness of their heart but as a means of increasing their own wealth. Marx therefore perceived capitalism as being in a state of constant crisis. It is the existence of this exploitation that for Marx causes the crisis to occur. If as a worker I produce ?10,000 of goods in a month (value of labour power to employer) but I am only paid ?1,000 a month for this labour (exchange value of labour power) I do not receive sufficient pay to purchase the value of the goods I have produced. (Classical Social Theory, Craib 1997:pg94) In simple terms a crisis occurs in capitalism when goods produced by the workers are not sold. A consequence of this is that workers will be made redundant; this causes the economy to enter a depression or financial slump. This slump is only reversed when those goods are sold and companies can begin production once more. This is a very basic economic explanation of the cycle of growth and recession that has afflicted capitalism throughout its history. (Classical Social Theory, Craib 1997:pg95) The phenomenon of recession has been a constant threat within capitalist societies, not only in Marxist terms does the worker suffer the alienation and exploitation from his labour, he or she now has to contend with many other threats caused by the unstable nature of the economic system. The worker now faces the prospect of many other economic uncertainties, such as redundancy, pay freezes and pay cuts. The current worldwide recession that has plagued the banking financial sector has caused tremendous hardship for those ill equipped to deal with it. This has lead to a number of changes within the employment market. The fear of job insecurity has never been higher; the days of a job for life are now a thing of the past. Giddens refers to a concept of ‘trust and risk’. In this instance Giddens states that trust refers to the confidence that society has in individuals and its significant institutions. We live more than ever in a globalised community and society, our lives are shaped and influenced by people and institutions; we are never likely to meet. Giddens talks about society having trust in ‘abstract systems’, he uses the example of food regulation and banking systems. The current financial crisis we find ourselves in has lead to an all time low in the faith we once placed in the banking and financial world. In Britain a number of large banking corporations have had to have their losses underwritten by the tax payer. The consequence of this has been for the coalition government having to implement widespread cuts and policies to curb the financial deficit. Public sector workers and those who rely on the welfare state have been hit hardest by the new financial constraints forced upon them. (Giddens 2006:122,123) Those responsible for the current economic crisis, i. e. the banks have not suffered as a result of their mistakes in the same way that the worker or the welfare claimant have. As Marx would say, yet again the owners of the means of production have not been penalised but rather it is the proletariat who has had to incur financial hardship and exploitation. Recent examples of this include, Workers in two unions at Southampton City Council are to start indefinite industrial action from 23 May in a row over proposed pay cuts of up to 5. 5% and Postal workers in London have voted to go on strike in protest at job losses. The Royal Mail cites the need for voluntary redundancies to increase efficiency and profitability but the unions disagree, saying that forced redundancies will have to be implemented. These are two examples in the current economic crisis where workers are paying the price for a recession created by the actions of an unregulated banking system. The welfare state has also suffered in this harsh new financial reality, whilst those at the top of the banking fraternity have suffered no penalty or sanction, in fact quite the reverse, the city continues to hand out excessive bonuses. The glaring unfairness and difference that exists between those in control of the financial institutions and those who are beholden to them has never been more stark. In a bid to reduce the national debt, the coalition government has imposed budget cuts across the entire public sector. NHS, councils, the police have all had severe budget cuts. It will be the poorest in our society who will suffer as a result of these new financial constraints. This new tentative financial situation means that the worker and the claimant now face an uncertain financial future. In conclusion, if Marx were alive today he would see that nothing has changed, capitalism still retains an iron grip upon society and those who live in it. Wealth and inequality continues to widen every year. This has a serious and detrimental impact upon those in our society who can ill afford to suffer the financial hardships that have resulted from the mistakes and risks taken by those who own the means of production. Alienation and exploitation is now so widespread and there has never been a more pressing need for the works of great sociological thinkers like Karl Marx and what he had to say regarding the exploitive nature of the capitalist state. It is of crucial importance to highlight the inequality that exists within modern capitalist society. If we want and desire a fairer society for all we need to recognise those within it who suffer the most. The work of Karl Marx and particularly his theory of alienation has enabled society to understand the relationship that exists between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The worker will continue to be alienated under capitalism but now the ever increasing unfairness and exploitation suffered by the many as a result of the mistakes made by capitalist institutions will insure that wealth inequality will continue to increase. References Giddens A, 2006, Sociology Polity Press, Cambridge Craib I, 1997, Classical Social Theory, oxford University Press Oxford http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13508478 How to cite Concept Developed Within Classical Sociology, Papers

Report of Tax and Estate Planning - Free Answers to Students

Questions: 1. Calculate the net tax payable for Darren and Samantha for the 2017/18 financial year. Show all workings. Include Medicare, Medicare Surcharge (if applicable) and any offsets or rebates that may apply. 2. Provide advice to Darren and Samantha about merging both of their businesses into a partnership. Show how you have compared the option of merging versus not merging. Show all workings/calculations. Justify your advice. 3. Advise Darren and Samantha as to whether they could possibly arrange their financial affairs more efficiently; and whether there are other strategies they could be considering to enhance their short term and/or long term position. No calculations are necessary, however you will need to provide details of the potential strategy/ies you are recommending they consider. Justify your recommendations. Answers: Answer 1. Taxable income=Gross income less allowable deductions (expenses relating to the income) Medical levy=2% of gross income Darren and Samantha Net Tax Payable Statement For FY 2017/2018. Gross Income; Darren Samantha Dar Sam Income Frm Asset= $450*52=$23,400 Jim Gardening Income = $235,000 Tupperware Commission= $72,000 Term Deposit= 5%*$40,000=$2000 Share of Rental Income Interest (And term deposit) $12,700 $12,700 ($25400) =$23,400+$2,000=$25,400/2=$12,700 Total Gross Income = $247,700 $84,700 0 Less allowable deductions Interest on Rental property 4.2%*$280,000= ($11,760) Share loan interest on rental pro ($5,880) ($ 5,880) $ 11,760 Jims gardening expense ($39,000) Expense on Tupperware ($9,000) Expense on credit card 12%*$2,700= ($324) Total Taxable Income =$247,700-$39,324-$5,880 =$84,700-$9,000-$5,880 0 Net Total Taxable Income = $202,496 = $69,820 = $0 NB; 1. There is a contra of $11,760 and $25,400 on the equally distribution of revenue and expenses from the rental property. Since the dividend earned are franked in nature were not going to subject it to taxation. Darren Samantha Darren Samantha Medical Levy=2%*$247,700=$4,954 2%*$84,700=$1,694 0 Medicare Surcharge rate= 1% 0% 0% Medicare surcharge for Darren=1%*$202,496=$2,024.96 this is because the taxable income of Darren is within the tier one of $180,001-$210,000 that subjects to 1%,for Samantha and the joint invest for Darren Samantha is not subjectable to any because its below the base tier of $18,0000. Medical Levy Surcharge=Medical Levy plus medical surcharge Total Medical Levy Surcharge for Darren==$4,954+$2,024.96= $6,978.96 Total Medical Levy Surcharge for Samantha= =$1,694+$0==$1,694 Total Medical Levy Surcharge for Darren Samantha =0 Calculation of income tax for individuals uses the below tax brackets; Fletcher 0-$18,200 - Nil $18,201-$37,000 - 19c for each $1 over $ 18,200 $37,001-$87,000 - $3,572 plus 32.5c for each $1 over $37,000 $87,001-$180,000 - $19,822 plus 37c for each $1 over $87,000 $180,001 and over - $54,232 plus 45c for each $1 over $180,000 For Darren; The taxable income for Darren is $202,496 This income therefore lies between the brackets; $180,001 and over - $54,232 plus 45c for each $1 over $180,000 Tax payable on this is $54,232 plus 45/100*(202,496-180,000) =$202,496-$180,000=$15,676 Plus 45c for each $1 over $180,000=$22,496*0.45=$10,123.2 Total Income tax payable for Darren=$10,123.2+$54,232=$64,355.2 For Samantha; The taxable income for Samantha is $69,820; Samanthas income lies between brackets; $37,001-$87,000 - $3,572 plus 32.5c for each $1 over $37,000 Tax payable on this, $3,572 plus the cover of $37,000; The over=$69,820-$37,000=$32,820 =32.5/100=0.325 The over is=$32820*.325=10666.5 Total income tax payable for Samantha=$10,666.5+$3,572=$14,238 Total Net Tax Payable Income Tax plus Medical Surge Levy; Samantha and Darren since they have private health insurance with HCF fund that is accredited they are eligible to a rebate on family basis, Dennis (2005, Pg.23) therefore they entitled to rebate offset. The collective income from the two of $ 272,316 from the combination of $202,496 and $69,820 classifies the tier 3 family threshold in which rebate ought to be calculated from Burkhauser Its therefore clear that the threshold lies between $210,000-$280,000 hence subject to 8.644% rebate premium. Rebate =8.644%*$272,316 = $23,538.99 They are therefore entitled for an offset of $23,538.99 Darrens; Total Tax Payable= Income Tax Payable +Medical Levy Surcharge = $64355.2+$6978.96 =$71,334.16 Tax Payable=$71,334.16 Samanthas; Tax Payable= = Income Tax Payable +Medical Levy Surcharge = $14,238+$1,732 =$15,970 Tax Payable=$15,970 Therefore the Total Tax Payable=$71,334.16+$15,970=$87,304 Less/offset rebate= = ($23,703.23) Darren Samantha Net Tax Payable =$63,600.77 The above calculations are done based on the following assumption; Damarren and Samantha are both residents for tax purposes. Based on the revenue generation unit rental property an assumption of 52weeks making a year is made. Since there is no revenue generated via the motor vehicle an expense relating to it is not allowable in nature. its therefore clear that any expense incurred that dont relate to revenue is therefore not allowable. An assumption that Darren and Samantha are carrying the rental property as business is made and therefore since there is no declaration on how to share gain on this have shared revenue and expenses equally. Answer 2. Partnership businesses basically involves profits and losses hence tasking the venture to declare tax return. Unlike individual income tax where prescribed tax bracket is outline hence creating guaranteed tax obligation, in partnership the latter depend on the performance and operation of the business according to Regan. If Darren and Samantha decide to merge and form partnership form of business of course a different approach on taxation has to be trailed. Its therefore expected to see Darren and Samantha declaring to have agreed to do business as partner via partnership agreement that dictates on the sharing of profit and losses respectively as well as in other occasions of dissolution, recruiting as well as conversion. Sharing ration has to be outlined depending on the capital contributed or other investment stands made. Assume that Darren and Samantha are in a partnership business we therefore expect to see income generated less deductible expenses so as to inform on loss or profit made. In reality the higher the higher the profit the greater the portion of profit Samantha and Darren share while the lower the profit the lower the share. On the other hand in case of loss suffering the loss has to be shared depending on the agreement. For taxation basis we expect partnership profit and losses to be the one subjected to tax, its there clear that tax burden depends on the declaration hence flexible in nature thus if the profit is less we expect low capture on tax while when its high the vice versa takes stand. The worst of all is when losses is suffered there is no tax that is being charged. Its therefore the discretion of Darren and Samantha to declare the profit or loss depending on the performance for tax purposes. From question one when individual i.e. Darren and Samantha are taxed depending on the incomes each of them gets they are not subjected to offsets or rather dont enjoy fringe benefits tax reliefs as well as tax credits as it is in businesses that have many parties in control Vegh,2015. Its clearly showing that Darrens net taxable pay is =$71,334.16 while that of Samantha is =$15,970 if we sum these two incomes==$71,334.16+$15,970=$87304.16 whereas that of Darren and Samantha after joined they get offsets and totals to =$63,600.77 depicting that there are factors that minimizes tax burden in partnership unlike in sole traders. Its further clear that since in partnership we only expect to pay tax after a profit has been made, on occasions that the latter doesnt occur there is no tax charge to be claimed, hence creating an avenue for the reporters of the accounts to always overstate the deduction and expenses so as to minimize profit and create loss for purposes of tax avoid Cnossen. Darren and Samantha ought to know that if they operate a partnership business there is no separation of legal entity sense instead each partner will be enjoying the paying tax on their share of net partnership income. Therefore through this they will be able to use partnership losses to reduce respective income for taxation purpose. Gains and losses from the the partnership business is mostly retrieved back to individual partners tax status. There are other tax incentives and gains that are enjoyed by partners in a partnership business the likes of capital gains which is mostly not taxed. Darren and Samantha likewise ought to know that while operating a business as partnership theyve access to 50% on any capital gain especially on the gain on the rental property whereby instead of it being summed up as taxable income for further taxation its yet to be subjected only up to 50% thus reducing the taxable income by half; i.e. Darren Samantha Dar Sam Income Form Asset= $450*52=$23,400 =$23,400*50% =$11500, thus we are only to subject $11,500 of the rental revenue for tax purpose. Likewise if the business was that of partnership form we expect each partner to just declare rent share and respective expenses in the tax return. Partnerships passes income tax to respective individual and not business hence no taxation at all in this level. Partnerships that are family based in nature a good example being this one of Darren and Samantha greatly the benefit of tax avoidance on gifts and estate Monroe(2012,Pg.4) Darren and Samantha in case they are willing to do contributions as well as distribution and withdraws them can do so without any oncome tax burden. In business there exists booms/recess or rather high/low seasons times hence leading to loss and profits. With this in mind partnership business is always lucky since the loss incurred can be claimed for deduction purposes in the partner share of loss. Darren and Samantha can control the loss by increasing allowable deductions (expenses) hence making the income being less than the expenses causing loss hence claim deduction guaranteed. If Darren and Samantha operates the business as partnership we would further subject all the expenses to be allowable with no sidelines on whether it has any direct relation to the income hence the expenses the likes of motor vehicle loan interest would be considered hence reducing the taxable income unlike the way weve failed to allow the expense with the presumption that its not relating to direct income generation. Less allowable deductions Motor Vehicle Loan Interest Payable=7%*$18000=$1260(this is if the business was partnership), hence we expect the total taxable income of $202496 to be subjected to a deduction of 1260 before being taxed bracket wise Willis. I therefore wish to strongly advise Darren and Samantha to merge so as to enjoy the flexible legal way of tax avoidance especially when the economic factors is not favoring the market. Answer 3. Financial planning forms the basis of every success on matters concerning business operation it starts from good recording keeping, tax planning, set up of internal controls, budgeting as well as cost control. Darren and Samantha are expected to be cautious on their day to day management of the business. Poor management mostly leads to business closure, losses, low profits among others the likes of provision of services and sale of goods that do not meet customer satisfaction. They are therefore required to ensure there is proper book keeping and recording that captures each and every transaction however small it is for purposes of accountability and trail. This will greatly facilitate back up and record keeping. Proper book keeping will help Darren and Samantha track each and every move that may be of any help to the business or that which retards operation hence creating an avenue of decision making. For instance if there is records indicating all the expenses and gains relating to the two motor vehicles from acquisition in my own view would analyze the gain on that motor vehicle and if there is nothing that the two generates or contribute directly or indirectly at all, would rather advise for disposal or alternative measures of probably making it for commercial purpose rather than private.. However this is only possible and applicable if there is proper book keeping. By budgeting and provision of prudent management skills is an action Darren and Samantha will not run from especially on expenditure and operations if they are to be successful financially, basically if they budget and allocate resources wisely the usage of credit cards to sort manageable expenses would not happen. Budgeting will also facilitate investing on generating units that yields returns in time so as to curb the monster of spending money on funds that do not pay back in time thus doing away with the project i.e. the two funds that do not yield anything at all would have been considered whether option wise or via alternative swaps. Tax planning is also a task that Darren and Samantha has to put into consideration for successful financial planning. This is an obligation that the states requires from every individual or partners in business or employed hence if you are not able to meet the aforesaid state obligation expect closure, prosecution ,freezing of accounts and assets Richter. All this consequences retards operation and of course shake the financial stand and position of the firms. Darren and Samantha should be advised to never buoy cot any obligation that relates to day to day operation of the firm. Darren and Samantha should introduce internal controls measures that oversees and guides each and every firm processes from primary point to the optimal point of cash generation. This internal controls should be seen to serve, protect and manage the operation of the business hence minimizing inefficiency and malpractices that would befall operations. Finally I advise Darren and Samantha to be cost effective thus introducing cost based analysis via the value of money concept this will control investing on projects that are expensive in nature and dont pay back in time. Likewise it serves the purpose of ensuring that there is no misappropriation and misallocation of resources to respective cost centers. I therefore advise them to be engaged in audit exercise for determination of true and fair state of the business in operation. I further advise Darren and Samantha to invest in financial advisors now and then for the market is dynamic and keeps on camouflaging with the prevail economic factors. References Byrnes, J.M., Cobiac, L.J., Doran, C.M., Vos, T. and Shakeshaft, A.P., 2010. Cost-effectiveness of volumetric alcohol taxation in Australia. The Medical Journal of Australia, 192(8), pp.439- Denniss, R., 2005. Who benefits from private health insurance in Australia?. New Doctor, (83), p.23. Regan, M., Smith, J. and Love, P.E., 2010. Impact of the capital market collapse on public-private partnership infrastructure projects. Journal of construction engineering and management, 137(1), pp.6-16. Richardson, G. and Lanis, R., 2007. Determinants of the variability in corporate effective tax rates and tax reform: Evidence from Australia. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 26(6), pp.689-704. Siahpush, M., Wakefield, M.A., Spittal, M.J., Durkin, S.J. and Scollo, M.M., 2009. Taxation reduces social disparities in adult smoking prevalence. American journal of preventive medicine, 36(4), pp.285-291. Henry, K., Harmer, J., Piggott, J., Ridout, H. and Smith, G., 2009. Australias future tax system. Canberra, Commonwealth Treasury. Monroe, A., 2012. Integrity in taxation: Rethinking partnership tax. Willis, A.B., Pennell, J.S. and Postlewaite, P.F., 2006. Partnership taxation. Cnossen, S., 2010. Excise taxation in Australia. In Melbourne InstituteAustralias future tax and transfer policy conference. Richter, W.F., 2006. Efficiency effects of tax deductions for work-related expenses. International Tax and Public Finance, 13(6), pp.685-699. Taylor, S.M., Juchau, R.H. and Houterman, B., 2010. Financial planning in Australia. LexisNexis Butterworths. McKerchar, M., 2007, June. Tax complexity and its impact on tax compliance and tax administration in Australia. In IRS Research Conference. Borden, B.T., 2008. Aggregate-Plus Theory of Partnership Taxation. Ga. L. 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